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Restricted Coding and Betting

Fang, Nan

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Abstract

One of the fundamental themes in the study of computability theory are oracle computations, i.e. the coding of one infinite binary sequence into another. A coding process where the prefixes of the coded sequence are coded such that the length difference of the coded and the coding prefix is bounded by a constant is known as cl-reducibility. This reducibility has received considerable attention over the last two decades due to its interesting degree structure and because it exhibits strong connections with algorithmic randomness. In the first part of this dissertation, we study a slightly relaxed version of cl-reducibility where the length difference is required to be bounded by some specific nondecreasing computable function~$h$. We show that in this relaxed model some of the classical results about cl-reducibility still hold in case the function $h$ grows slowly, at certain particular rates. Examples are the Yu-Ding theorem, which states that there is a pair of left-c.e. sequences that cannot be coded simultaneously by any left-c.e. sequence, as well as the Barmpalias-Lewis theorem that states that there is a left-c.e. sequence which cannot be coded by any random left-c.e. sequence. In case the bounding function~$h$ grows too fast, both results don't hold anymore.

Betting strategies, which can be formulated equivalently in terms of martingales, are one of the main tools in the area of algorithmic randomness. A betting strategy is usually determined by two factors, the guessed outcome at every stage and the wager on it. In the second part of this dissertation we study betting strategies where one of these factors is restricted. First we study single-sided strategies, where the guessed outcome either is always 0 or is always 1. For computable strategies we show that single-sided strategies and usual strategies have the same power for winning, whereas the latter does not hold for strongly left-c.e. strategies, which are mixtures of computable strategies, even if we extend the class of single-sided strategies to the more general class of decidably-sided strategies.

Finally, we study the case where the wagers are forced to have a certain granularity, i.e. must be multiples of some not necessarily constant betting unit. For usual strategies, wins can always be assumed to have the two following properties (a) ‘win with arbitrarily small initial capital’ and (b) ‘win by saving’. In a setting of variable granularity, where the betting unit shrinks over stages, we study how the shrinking rates interact with these two properties. We show that if the granularity shrinks fast, at certain particular rates,for such granular strategies both properties are preserved. For slower rates of shrinking, we show that neither property is preserved completely, however, a weaker version of property (a) still holds. In order to investigate property (b) in this case, we consider more restricted strategies where in addition the wager is bounded from above.

Document type: Dissertation
Supervisor: Merkle, Privatdozent Dr. Wolfgang
Date of thesis defense: 15 August 2019
Date Deposited: 23 Aug 2019 06:31
Date: 2019
Faculties / Institutes: The Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science > Department of Computer Science
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