title: Molecular phylogeography and population genetics of the brine shrimp Artemia (Crustacea, Branchiopoda, Anostraca) creator: Eimanifar, Amin subject: ddc-500 subject: 500 Natural sciences and mathematics subject: ddc-590 subject: 590 Zoological sciences description: Brine shrimps Artemia (Crustacea, Anostraca) are a group of cosmopolitan extremophile microcrustaceans which are composed of a complex of six sexual species and numerous Eurasian Haplotype Complex (EHC) lineages. In the present study, we analyzed a partial sequence of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and nuclear Internal transcribed spacer1 (ITS1), as well as genomic fingerprints by ISSR-PCR (inter-simple sequence repeats) for a large set of Artemia specimens (N ~ 600) from various geographical localities (N = 102) across Eurasia and America. Asian lineages have revealed a mixture of paraphyletic and polyphyletic groups of Artemia. A. urmiana and A. tibetiana represent a species complex with multiple genetic lineages. EHC lineages (Eurasian and Africa) showed a star-like haplotype pattern, which had more genetic similarities to other sexual Asian species, except A. sinica. Bayesian analysis of COI was used to estimate the time of divergence of Asian Artemia species. The Bayesian analysis indicated that Asian taxa are relatively young, particularly EHC lineages. A. urmiana recorded as the oldest species originated in the Pleistocene and could be considered as a major source of its expansion to its modern habitats in Eurasia. Molecular dating analyses using a relaxed bayesian molecular clock depicted that A. sinica has been diverged from other Asian lineages in the Miocene, around 20 million years ago (Mya). A. urmiana was the dominant sexual species in Urmia Lake exhibiting a high genetic diversity with a low level of genetic structure in the entire lake. This species was essentially homogeneous indicative of panmixia. A correlation between population differentiation and geographical and ecological differences was not observed. The invasive A. franciscana have permanently colonized 31 geographical localities along the southern and eastern coastal regions of Asia. EHC lineages were observed in 39 inland geographical localities in Asia. Asian A. franciscana generated a signature of haplotype diversity as compared to the source population from Great Salt Lake (GSL, USA). The high genetic diversity of Asian A. franciscana is probably attributed the numerous, human-mediated, dispersal events and multiple introductions from GSL & San Francisco Bay (SFB, USA) and eventually indirect introductions from other native localities in the Americas. Our results indicate that biological invasion do not necessarily lead to reduced genetic diversity, particularly if multiple source populations, each with distinctive genetic composition, contribute to the founding populations. EHC lineages showed low genetic diversity which is in contrast to the restricted geographic distribution, strong genetic structure, and regional endemism of sexual Artemia lineages in Asia. A. franciscana in GSL revealed the same condition as observed in A. urmiana. It showed a high genetic diversity with an evidence of panmixia throughout the lake. date: 2014 type: Dissertation type: info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf identifier: https://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserverhttps://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/17286/1/Amin%20Eimanifar_PhD%20thesis_06.08.14.pdf identifier: DOI:10.11588/heidok.00017286 identifier: urn:nbn:de:bsz:16-heidok-172865 identifier: Eimanifar, Amin (2014) Molecular phylogeography and population genetics of the brine shrimp Artemia (Crustacea, Branchiopoda, Anostraca). [Dissertation] relation: https://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/17286/ rights: info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess rights: http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/help/license_urhg.html language: eng