<> "The repository administrator has not yet configured an RDF license."^^ . <> . . "Using spectator neutrons to determine the fluctuating shapes of the QGP droplets created in heavy-ion collisions at the LHC"^^ . "The strong force is one of the four fundamental forces that describes the interaction of quarks and\r\ngluons. Its theory is called quantum chromodynamics (QCD), and one of its features is the running\r\nof the coupling constant, which depends on the momentum transfer between quarks and gluons.\r\nThis gives rise to the notion that nuclear matter can be heated up to the temperatures when a new\r\nstate of matter, governed by deconfined quarks and gluons, will be created. This state is called\r\nthe quark-gluon plasma (QGP). The different phases and transitions of the QCD matter can be\r\nstudied via relativistic heavy-ion collisions, in which extreme temperature and baryon density can\r\nbe achieved. Under conditions of small baryon chemical potential, μb ≈ 0 MeV, the lattice QCD\r\npredicts a crossover transition at temperature about 156 MeV. These conditions can be achieved in\r\nrelativistic heavy-ion collisions at LHC energies.\r\n\r\nThe initial energy density in the overlap region of two colliding nuclei is asymmetric, and its shape\r\nfluctuates due to the inner structure of the nuclei. This spatial anisotropy is converted during the\r\nhydrodynamic expansion of the QGP into momentum anisotropies in the distribution of produced\r\nparticles, known as anisotropic flow. The anisotropic flow develops a particle-type dependence due\r\nto the hydrodynamic expansion since the particles of different masses are affected differently by\r\nthe radial fluid velocities.\r\n\r\nA detailed understanding of the initial state of a heavy-ion collision is important in order\r\nto extract the transport properties of the QGP, e.g., the shear and bulk viscosities, from the\r\ncomparison with the hydrodynamic model calculations. A unique role in this context is played\r\nby the spectator nucleons, which are the remnants of the collision. Due to the strong Lorentz\r\ncontraction of the nuclei, their passing time is much shorter than the expansion time of the QGP.\r\nConsequently, spectator nucleons are sensitive to the early times of the collision evolution and using\r\nthem in flow measurements has a unique potential to improve understanding of the initial conditions.\r\n\r\nThe results presented in this thesis provide new insights for the understanding of the initial state and\r\nthe hydrodynamic evolution of the QGP. The thesis presents novel measurements of the anisotropic\r\nflow relative to the neutron spectator plane, v2 {ΨSP}, in Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN = 2.76TeV\r\nrecorded by the ALICE experiment at the LHC. The measurements are performed for charged pions,\r\nkaons, and (anti)protons at mid-rapidity as a function of transverse momentum, pT = 0.2-6 GeV/c,\r\nand collision centrality. The v2 {ΨSP} is compared to anisotropic flow relative to the participant\r\nplane, estimated by the two- and four-particle cumulants. A significant difference between charged\r\npions and (anti)protons (kaons) of 3.6% (1.6%) was found, suggesting a coupling of the effects of\r\nthe hydrodynamic expansion of the QGP and the subsequent hadronization with the initial state\r\nfluctuations. These novel measurements open new opportunities to control contributions from initial\r\nstate fluctuations in flow measurements, which is crucial for precise determination of the QGP\r\ntransport properties from the systematic comparison of the experimental data to the hydrodynamic\r\nmodel calculations."^^ . "2024" . . . . . . . "Michael Rudolf"^^ . "Ciupek"^^ . "Michael Rudolf Ciupek"^^ . . . . . . "Using spectator neutrons to determine the fluctuating shapes of the QGP droplets created in heavy-ion collisions at the LHC (PDF)"^^ . . . "Dissertation_MichaelRudolfCiupek.pdf"^^ . . . "Using spectator neutrons to determine the fluctuating shapes of the QGP droplets created in heavy-ion collisions at the LHC (Other)"^^ . . . . . . "indexcodes.txt"^^ . . . "Using spectator neutrons to determine the fluctuating shapes of the QGP droplets created in heavy-ion collisions at the LHC (Other)"^^ . . . . . . "lightbox.jpg"^^ . . . "Using spectator neutrons to determine the fluctuating shapes of the QGP droplets created in heavy-ion collisions at the LHC (Other)"^^ . . . . . . "preview.jpg"^^ . . . "Using spectator neutrons to determine the fluctuating shapes of the QGP droplets created in heavy-ion collisions at the LHC (Other)"^^ . . . . . . "medium.jpg"^^ . . . "Using spectator neutrons to determine the fluctuating shapes of the QGP droplets created in heavy-ion collisions at the LHC (Other)"^^ . . . . . . "small.jpg"^^ . . "HTML Summary of #34656 \n\nUsing spectator neutrons to determine the fluctuating shapes of the QGP droplets created in heavy-ion collisions at the LHC\n\n" . "text/html" . . . "530 Physik"@de . "530 Physics"@en . .